Histokomparatif Organ Integumen, Intestinum, Pohon Respirasi Pada Beberapa Jenis Teripang Dari Perairan Karimunjawa

Sea cucumbers, which have significant economic values, belong to the order of Aspidochirotida, with the two main family, i.e. Holothuriidae and Stichopodidae. Biological aspect of those species has not been exploited yet, therefore he aim of this research is to compare organ histology of the species of sea cucumbers H. atra, H. edulis, P. graeffei, S. chloronotus, and S. herrmanni. This research was held on August-December 2011 and histologically. The result of this research showed that integument of H. atra, H. edulis, P. graeffei, S. chloronotus, dan S. herrmanni consist of epidermis which composed by fibril cells and dermis layer which composed by connective tissue. Intestinum of Holothuriidae is different from Stichopodidae as follows : H. atra ±10 μm form a bugles with flat ends, S. chloronotus ±40 μm form a smooth bugles with pointed ends and closely, and S. herrmanni ±30 μm form a smooth bugles with pointed ends and distantly. The respiratory trees of Holothuriidae and Stichopodidae in general had similarity. Bases on these differences can be concluded that sea cucumbers cultivation techniques need adjustment habitat and consumption of different types of feed each sea cucumbers

Potential Of Stichopus horrens And Stichopus vastus Extracts As Anticancer And Wound Healing Agents: Effects On Breast Cancer And Fibroblast Cell Lines

The commercial exploitation of sea cucumbers biomass due to healthy lifestyle are gaining much recognition among consumers, pharmaceutical industries and researchers. In peninsular Malaysia, the medicinal uses of sea cucumbers locally known as ‘gamat’ (Sea cucumbers of the Stichopodidae family), have been exploited. Eksploitasi komersial ke atas timun laut disebabkan oleh peningkatan amalan gaya hidup sihat di kalangan masyarakat telah banyak mendapat pengiktirafan di kalangan pengguna, industri farmaseutikal dan para penyelidik. Di semenanjung Malaysia, kegunaan timun laut tempatan yang juga dikenali sebagai gamat (Stichopodidae) dalam perubatan telah lama dieksplotasi

16S rRNA barcoding technique for species identification of processed sea cucumbers from selected Malaysian markets

In food industry, wide-ranging processing of sea cucumbers (Phylum Echinodermata: Class Holothuroidea) including gutting, boiling, roasting, and subsequent preservation procedures are frequently needed prior to marketing. These processes cause body deformation of the sea cucumbers, thus leading to difficulties in species identification and confirmation of the processed sea cucumbers or beche-de-mer. Furthermore, beche-de-mer products in Malaysian markets are often unlabelled or mislabelled. Economic fraud, health hazards, and illegal trade of protected species are the potential major consequences of the issues. Therefore, a reliable, reproducible, and rapid technique for species identification is required. For that reason, this study was conducted to determine species identity of 25 beche-de-mer specimens that were not tagged with species details from four selected Malaysian markets. Five reference samples were also included in the analyses consisting of fresh samples that were morphologically identified as Stichopus horrens and Holothuria (Mertensiothuria) leucospilota from Pangkor Island, Perak, Malaysia. Phylogenetic analyses of 30 partial sequences of non-protein-coding 16S mitochondrial ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene using five main methods i.e. Neighbour-Joining (NJ), Maximum Likelihood (ML), Minimum Evolution (ME), Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean (UPGMA), and Maximum Parsimony (MP) showed the presence of two main clusters of the beche-demer specimens: Stichopodidae (gamat family) and Holothuriidae (timun laut family). The beche-de-mer specimens of S. horrens, Stichopus herrmanni, and Thelenota anax were the three gamat species that clustered under the family Stichopodidae. Meanwhile, the beche-de-mer specimens of H. leucospilota, Holothuria (Halodeima) edulis, Holothuria (Metriatyla) scabra, and H. scabra var. versicolor were the four timun laut species that clustered under the family Holothuriidae. In fact, the outcomes of this study suggested the potential of 16S mitochondrial rRNA gene sequencing technique to be used by the enforcement agencies in monitoring and overcoming the issues of species substitution and product mislabeling of beche-de-mer products in Malaysian markets

Assesment of general toxicity and analgesic poroperty of several sea cucumber species

This study was conducted with the objective of establishing the presence of toxicity, mainly on the Central Nervous System (CNS) of both the sea cucumber species namely the Holothuria spp and Stichopus spp. Upon obtaining permission of the Fishery Department of Malaysia for sample harvesting of both the sea cucumber species, an expedition was arranged to the Perhentian Island. Sample were harvested at the Perhentian Island and transported while preserved in seawater prior to laboratory processing and experimentation. Subsequently both the sea cucumber species were extracted by organic and non-organic solvent using body fluids and body tissue samples. Body fluids were collected from the sea cucumber during the process of dissecting and washing. For body tissue, the sample was dried in hot air oven and ground into powdered form before extraction was performed with organic or non-organic solvents. The organic solvent used is petroleum ether while non-organic is distilled water. The sea cucumber was extracted and dried to form a powder. The technique used to do this is by water or ether based extraction followed by filtration, saturation and finally freeze-drying. From the sample powder extract obtained, calculation of dosage is done based on the amount of powder extract, volume solvent and body weight of mice. The sample solution is than test on mice. The tests include behavioral changes by observation, tail flick test and hot plate test. The study was conducted on 80 male swiss albino mice. The route of administration in this test is through the intraperitoneal method. The behavioral study was done on a 4 hours of observation period after administration of the extract. In this study, it was found that CNS disturbance occurs in mice with both thesea cucumber species. This effect includes changes in the attitude, restlessness, sedation, tremor, paralysis, pilo-erection, passitivity and jerky movements. In the entire research, the dosage of use is 1 Omg of powder extract per kg of mice body weight (mglkg). This dose is the startup point of toxic effect observed in this experiment. In the tail flick test, mice are checked for analgesic effect of the extract of sea cucumber. It is found that only water-based extract from the holothuria spp gives a positive result. In the hot plate test, mice are tested for their analgesic effect caused by the sea cucumber extract similar as the above

Acetylated Triterpene Glycosides and Their Biological Activity from Holothuroidea Reported in the Past Six Decades

This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).Sea cucumbers have been valued for many centuries as a tonic and functional food, dietary delicacies and important ingredients of traditional medicine in many Asian countries. An assortment of bioactive compounds has been described in sea cucumbers. The most important and abundant secondary metabolites from sea cucumbers are triterpene glycosides (saponins). Due to the wide range of their potential biological activities, these natural compounds have gained attention and this has led to their emergence as high value compounds with extended application in nutraceutical, cosmeceutical, medicinal and pharmaceutical products. They are characterized by bearing a wide spectrum of structures, such as sulfated, non-sulfated and acetylated glycosides. Over 700 triterpene glycosides have been reported from the Holothuroidea in which more than 145 are decorated with an acetoxy group having 38 different aglycones. The majority of sea cucumber triterpene glycosides are of the holostane type containing a C18 (20) lactone group and either D7(8) or D9(11) double bond in their genins. The acetoxy group is mainly connected to the C-16, C-22, C-23 and/or C-25 of their aglycone. Apparently, the presence of an acetoxy group, particularly at C-16 of the aglycone, plays a significant role in the bioactivity; including induction of caspase, apoptosis, cytotoxicity, anticancer, antifungal and antibacterial activities of these compounds. This manuscript highlights the structure of acetylated saponins, their biological activity, and their structure-activity relationships

Dna Barcoding, Phylogenetic And Systematics Of Holothuroidea (Sea Cucumbers) In Malaysian Waters Based On 16s Rrna And Cytochrome Oxidase I (Coi) Genes

A morphological and molecular systematic study was conducted on family Holothuriidae, Stichopodidae, and also Caudinidae. They can be found in Malaysian waters. This is the first documentation of the Phylogenetic relationship and Barcoding systemic among Holothurians family and genera that integrates traditional classification and molecular techniques. The species investigated were divided into three families which is Family Stichopodidae, Holothuriidae and Family Caudinidae. In Family Stichopodidae, the species involved were Stichopus hermanni, S. ocellatus, Stichopus sp., S. chloronotus, S. monotuberculatus and S. rubermaculosus while for Family Holothuriidae, the family was divided into two genera which is genus Holothuria and Bohadschia. The Holothurian involved was Holothuria atra, H. edulis, H. coluber, H. hilla, H. leucospilota, H. flavomaculata and Pearsonathuria graffei while for the second genus was the genus Bohadschia which is B. argus, B. mormorata and B. bivittata. The last but no least family was the Family Caudinidae and the genus was Acaudina. The sample was Acaudina molpadiodes. A total of 53 samples consisting of 17 Holothuroidea species were sampled and measured to obtain the morphometric data. Brief morphometric measurement was done by classical taxonomy keys and comparison by photos as a support for molecular taxonomy. Overall, four characteristics were taken into consideration

Species identification of processed sea cucumbers from Malaysian market based on concatenated gene sequences of mitochondrial rRNA genes

Species identification of sea cucumbers that have undergone body deformation due to extensive food processing e.g. beche-de-mer is difficult especially with the copresence of cases of unlabelled or mislabelled sea cucumber-based products in the markets. Therefore, a study was done to determine the species identities of processed sea cucumbers from selected Malaysian markets using concatenated gene sequences of non-protein-coding 12S and 16S mitochondrial rRNA genes. Phylogenetic analyses based on the distance-based Neighbour Joining method, and the character-based methods i.e. the Maximum Parsimony method, Maximum Likelihood method, and the Bayesian Analysis method of 47 ingroup sequences representing 37 processed sea cucumber specimens, 6 reference samples, and 4 additional specimens suggested the presence of 3 main clusters i.e. gamat family consisting of genus Stichopus and genus Thelenota; and timun laut family comprising family Holothuriidae. A number of 3 gamat species i.e. Stichopus horrens, Stichopus vastus, and Thelenota anax were recorded. Meanwhile, the specimens of Holothuria (Halodeima) atra, Holothuria (Halodeima) edulis, Holothuria (Metriatyla) lessoni, Holothuria (Mertensiothuria) leucospilota, and Holothuria (Metriatyla) scabra were the 5 timun laut species that grouped under the family Holothuriidae. The outcomes of this study can be utilised by the enforcement agencies to monitor and overcome the issues of species substitution and product mislabelling of processed sea cucumber products in Malaysian markets

The Diversity, Distribution And Morphological Descriptions Of Stichopodidae (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) In The Vicinity Of Malaysian Waters

A study was carried out on the diversity and distribution of sea cucumbers from the family Stichopodidae at the shallow coral reefs of the Straits of Malacca, South China Sea, Sulu Sea and Sulawesi Sea. A total of nine species of stichopodids from two different genera (Stichopus and Thelenota) were identified. Seven species were from the genus Stichopus, namely S. chloronotus, S. horrens, S. ocellatus, S. rubermaculosus, S. herrmanni, S. vastus and one unknown species named Stichopus sp.. Two species belong to the genus Thelenota namely T. ananas and T. anax. Identification of each species was done by description of their morphology as well as calcareous spicules examination from four parts of the body that were the dorsal body, papillae, tentacles and tube feet. A new spicule was described on the tentacles of S. rubermaculosus as well as a pseudo-table on the dorsal body of S. herrmanni that was not observed before. The most widely distributed species were S. chloronotus and S. vastus. The South China Sea was the most diverse area compared to the other seas with a total of six different species found. However, Pulau Payar at the northern Straits of Malacca recorded the highest diversity among all sampling locations with four species found and the Shahnon-Wiener diversity index (H’) of 1.17. Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) analysis showed clear division in the distribution of stichopodids between the Straits of Malacca and the rest of the seas. The stichopodids were found in water depths ranging from 5 to 22 metres mostly on sandy substrate except for T. ananas on dead corals with algae and S. chloronotus on mixture of sand and coral rubble

The Distribution of Sea Cucumbers in Pulau Aur, Johore, Malaysia

Sea cucumbers have been harvested for centuries for human consumption. The high value of some species, the ease with which such shallow water organisms can be harvested, and their vulnerable nature due to their biology, population dynamics and habitat preferences have all contributed to overexploitation and the collapse of fisheries in some locations in Malaysia. Sea cucumbers are susceptible to overexploitation due to their late maturity, density-dependent reproduction, and low rates of recruitment. Although sea cucumbers are generally widely distributed, with some species occurring throughout entire ocean basins, most species have very specific zone within reef habitats. An investigation at the Pulau Aur group (about 65km east of mainland Mersing, Johore, Malaysia; in the Johor Marine Park) has been conducted using wandering transects to re-appraise the local holothuroid biodiversity pattern according to habitat and depth. Preliminary results show that three families, eight genera and 20 species of sea cucumbers were found in the 13 locations surveyed in Pulau Aur, Pulau Dayang, Pulau Lang and Pulau Pinang, during the survey from September 5~12, 2005. The dominant family found was Holothuriidae (12 species) followed by Stichopodidae (5 species). The most dominant species in the four islands were Holothuria edulis and Stichopus chloronotus, found abundantly on sand and rubble substrates from a wide range of depth (4-20m). Eleven of the species found were reported for the first time in the study sites. Pulau Aur, Pulau Dayang and Pulau Pinang islands exhibited a high diversity in sea cucumber population (12 species found in each island) while only 6 species of sea cucumbers were recorded in Pulau Lang. Detail of the coral reefs at the islands is given to provide a better understanding of the habitat preference of sea cucumbers in the main reef areas around the islands. Results of analysis combining habitat and sea cucumber populations show that some species can only be found in specific habitats and depths, for instance Thelenota anax (size: 30-40cm) can only be found in sandy areas at depths below 16m. The distribution patterns and results of data collected in the marine park where the sea cucumber fishery is prohibited and other marine resources are protected, is provided here to further the knowledge of the area and as a model for conservation purposes

Sea cucumbers

Sea cucumbers are a group of economically important echinoderms with a wide range of distribution in coral to mangrove habitats. Out of 200 species known from Indian seas, 75 are from shallow seas; while only a dozen of them belonging to Holothuridae and Stichopodia are large with thick body wall and hence commercially important. They occur in exploitable concentration in the Gulf of Mannar, Palk Bay, Lakshadweep and Andaman & Nicobar Islands. The paper presents family, genera and species key to identification along with the description and distribution of important species. The paper also reviews their ecology, animal association, parasites, biotoxicity, collection, handling and processing for bech-de-mer, conservation and management and hatchery and culture in Indian situation